定语从句中的六个陷阱 **天祝一中?? 王曰福 定语从句是中学英语中较难掌握的从句之一，其规则繁杂，难以记忆因而同学们在运用过程中常常会掉入种种陷阱，现归纳分析如下：
1、????? 关系代词that 和which 错用 A）????? 虽然that 和which 指物时均可在从句中作主语或宾语，但在以下情况下只用that而不用which: (1)????? 当先行词为all, everthing, anything, nothing,? little,much 等不定代词时。（something后面的句既可用that也可用which引导） 如：He told us all that he had done. （2）当先行词被 very, both, the only, all ,every, no, any, little, much, some 修饰时。
如：This is the only English – Chinese dictionary that I have. （3）当先行词被形容词的最高级修饰时。
如: This is the most beautiful city that I have visited. （4）当先行词被序数词修饰时。
如：This is the last lesson that we have this term. （5） 当先行词既包括人又包括物时。
如：They talked for hours of things and persons that they rememered at the school. （6）当主语是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时。
如：Which is the coat that you like best? （7）当先行词在定语从句中作表语时，无论先行词是人还是物。
如：China is no loner the country that she was. B)关系代词指物时只用which不用that 的情况。
（1）关系代词在从句中作介词宾语并且介词提至关系代词前时只用which（当介词在从句句尾时，两者皆可）。
如：This is the question about which we have had so much discussion.=This is the question which/ that we have had so much discussion about. （2）在非限定性定语从句中必须用which不能用that。
如：They have invited me to visit their country, which is very kind of them. 2、????? 关系代词的漏用 定语从句中关系代词作主语时不能省略。（也可以把定语从句改为现在分词形式作定语） 如：The student who/that is standing there is our monitor. (=The student standing there is our monitor.) 3、????? 关系代词与关系副词的混淆。
A）????? that/ which和when 先行词是时间名词时，定语从句的引导词用关系代词还是关系副词“when ”取决于该先行词在从句中充当主语/宾语还是时间状语。
如：Do you still remember the day (that/which) we first spent together.(作宾语可以省略) ??? It was on the next day when the baby was born that the mother died.(作状语) B）????? that/which 和where 先行词是地点名词时，定语从句的引导词用关系代词还是关系副词“where”取决于该先行词在从句中充当主语/宾语还是地点状语。
如：I will never forget the school (that/which) we visited last Sunday.(作宾语可以省略) ?? Plants can’t grow in the place where there is no water.(作状语) C）????? that/which 和why ? 先行词是reason 时，定语从句的引导词用关系代词还是关系副词“why”取决与该先行词在从句中充当主语/宾语还是原因状语。
如：Is this the reason (that/which) he gives for being late? （作宾语可以省略）? There are several reasons why we can’t do that.(作状语) 4、????? 定语从句主谓不一致 ? 当定语从句的先行词是one of …的结构时，先行词为of 后的复数名词或代词，从句谓语动词用复数形式；
当先行词是the(only/ very ) one of …的结构时，谓语动词用单数形式。
如：This is one of the rooms that are free now. Professor Johnson is the only one of the experts who kowns a little Chinese. 5、????? 定语从句重复用词 A）????? 关系词与疑问词重复 若主句以疑问词who/which 开头，为了避免重复，定语从句的引导词要用that代替。
如：Who is the man that shook hands with you just now? ??? Which is the book that you want to borrow from me? B）????? 关系词与被替换词重复 如：This is the jacket which I bought it last month.(误) 析：关系代词which 已经在从句中充当宾语，it 是多余的。
如：Is this the museum where Jane has worked there for twenty years ?(误) 析：关系副词 where 已经在从句中充当地点状语，there 多余的。
6、????? 定语从句 中介词的选用 “介词+关系代词”结构中的关系代词指人时用whom指物时用which，其余的介词选用要考虑到：1）介词与先行词的搭配关系2）介词与从句中谓语动词的搭配关系3）介词与从句中形容词、名词等的搭配关系等。（该结构一般可以与对应的关系副词相互转换） 如：I’ ll never forget the day on which I joined the Party.(指具体的一天，介词用on) Do you know from which they borrowed the book?(borrow…from 搭配) The watch of which she felt pround was worth more than 2,400 dollars.（短语 be/feel pround of） ? ? ?????????????????????????????? 此文发表于<<今日英语报>> ? ? ? ? ? But 的用法 **天祝一中?? 王曰福 ? But 一词即可作连词、介词、副词用，又有一些习惯搭配和固定用法。现对其用法作以下归纳。
1、????? 用作连词 1．????? 用作等立连词，使其前后的词、短语、分词相互对照，作 “但是，然而，可是”解。例如：
She is young but very experienced. 她虽然年轻但经验丰富。
2．????? 用于表示歉意的话语之后，表示谢绝或不赞成。例如：
I’m sorry, but I disagree with you. 对不起，我不同意你的意见。
3．????? 用于两个并列的分句之间，与前面的否定词形成对比， “无……. 而不……”解。例如：
It never rains but it pours.不雨则已，一雨倾盆 I never go past that house but I think of my miserable life in the old society. 我走过那所房子时，没有一次不想起我在旧社会所过的悲惨的生活。
二、用作介词 1. 与no, nobody, nothing, none, who 等词连用，作“除……之外”解，用来排除同类中的一分子，或从整体中除去一部分。例如 Noboby knew her but me.除我以外，没有人认识她。
Nothing but disaster would come from such a plan.这个计划只能带来灾难，别无益处。
2. But 前面有do 的某种形式时，but后面的动词不定式要省略to ; 其前没有do 的某种形式时，but 后面的不定式要带to。例如：
We had no choice but to wait.除了等待，我们别无选择。
He did nothing all day long but watch TV.一整天，他除了看电视，别无他事可做。
3. 与last, next 及one, two 等连用，作 “倒数第二、第三”等解。例如：
Jack was the last but one to arrive. 杰克是倒数第二个到达的。
三、用作副词 1．????? 意思上相当于only, 后面跟名词或动词。例如：
Tom is but a child.汤姆只是个孩子。
We can but try now.我们现在只有尝试一遍。
2．????? But出现在 too……to……结构前面时，不定式含肯定意义。例如：
I’m but too glad to go there with you. 我非常高兴和你一起去那里。
四、含but 的习惯用语 1．????? but for =without, 意为 “要不是；
如果没有”，意思上相当于一个虚拟条件句。例如：
But for the rain (If it hadn’t rained), we would have had a pleasant journey. 要不是天下雨，我们这次旅行就惬意了。
But for your help, we couldn’ carried out the plan.如果没有你的帮助， 我们不可能实现那个计划。
2．????? but that = except that, 意为“若非；
要不是”，引导虚拟条件从句。例如：
?? He would have helped me but that he was short of money at that time.? 要不是他那时侯没有钱，他会帮助我的。
3．????? But then = except that, 意为“不过；
在另一方面”。例如：
?? London is a noisy place, but then it’s also a place where you get the best entertainment. 伦敦是个闹市， 不过它是能够给你最好的娱乐的地方。
4．????? nothing but = only，意为 “只；
不过是”。例如：
We could see nothing but water. 我们只能看见水。
5．????? not…but…意为“不是……而是……”，连接两个并列的名词、形容词、副词、短语或分句等。例如：
?? My bag is not black but red. 我的书包不是黑色的而是红色的。
?? He failed not because he isn’t clever but because he didn’t work hard他失败了，不是因为他不聪明而是因为他不努力工作。. 6．????? no… but…意为“没有 不”。例如 No child but likes Old Li in our village. 没有孩子不喜欢我们村的老李 7．????? not only … but also …意为 “不但 而且；
既 又”，连接两个并列的成分。例如：
Not only you but also she has to attend the meeting. 不但你而且她也得参加这次会议。
8．????? not that… but that…意为 “不是因为……而是因为……”。例如：
?? Not that the car is out of order, but that I’ve not learned to drive.不是汽车出了故障，而是我还没有学会开车。
9．????? can’t help but do…意为 “不能不……；
忍不住……”。例如：
?? I can’t help but cry. 我忍不住哭了。
10．????? all but意为 “除……外全，几乎”。例如：
?? All but mother in my family can speak English.除了母亲外，我的家人都会说英语。
?? His theory is all but correct. 他的理论几乎是正确。
11．????? anything but意为“不见得，决不”。例如：
?? He is anything but a good headmaster. 他不见得是个好校长。
? This car is anything but beautiful. 这辆小汽车根本不漂亮。
12．????? but now意为 “刚刚，适才”。例如：
?? I saw him in the office but now. 我刚刚看见他在办公室。
?? I heard the commander talk about you just now.适才听得司令讲到您。
13．????? can (or could) but意为 “只能，只好”。例如：
?? His father can but know a few letters. 他的父亲只能认几个字母。
?? The old lady could but walk slowly with a stick. 那个老太太只能拄者拐杖慢慢地朝前走。
14．????? can (or could) not but意为 “不得不，忍不住”。例如：
?? I could not but tell him about it. 我不得不告诉他这件事。
?? Seeing her husband’s funny face, she could not but laugh. 看见丈夫的滑稽的面孔，她忍不住大笑起来。
15．????? cannot (or could not) choose but意为 “不得不，必须”。例如：
? They could not choose but obey. 他们除了服从之外别无选择。
16．????? never … but意为“每当……就……”。例如：
? He never sees Miss Wang but he thinks of his friend, Xiao Ya. 每当见到王女士时，他就想起他的朋友小雅来。
? Her brother never comes, but he asks her for money. 她兄弟来时，总是向她要钱。
17．????? next but one意为 “再下一个”。例如：
? They used to live in the next house but one to me.他们住在我隔壁的隔壁。
18．????? no one but意为 “除了……外，谁也不”。例如: ?? No one but a madman would say such words. 除了疯子，谁也不会说这样的话。
19．????? not so…(such a …)but (that)…意为 “没有到（不能……）”。例如：
? His English is not so bad but he can make himself understood. 他的英语还不至于差到不能把自己的意思讲清楚的地步。
? ? ? ? 此文发表于<<中学英语园地>> ? 本文来自http://www.dxf5.com/