高考英语写作类型
从历年高考英语质量分析的结果来看，书面表达是学生英语学习的“瓶颈”，平均得分值不高。书面表达考查三个层次的能力对于英语书面表达，考生只要能按照题目的要求，组织好所提供的材料，用明白、通顺、恰当得体的英语表达出来，就算完成了任务，应该是比较简单的，但现实中，学生却难得高分。 高考书面表达试题不但考查了考生适应交际情景运用语言的能力，同时也考查了拼写造句和连句成篇的能力，这三个层次的能力是综合测试的。所以在评阅中，如果考生基础不扎实，无论在哪个层次上出现问题都会影响得分。从3个方面突破“瓶颈”1.学生应当在实践中真正体会到学以致用的道理，从态度上重视书面表达。2.掌握好各种各样的词汇和组合规则，训练时一定要将它们落实在语篇训练中，不可将词汇练习与成篇练习分离开来。3.养成自主学习的习惯。课堂上的时间很紧，教师不可能把学生们书面表达的问题一一指出，所以提高语言表达能力，更多的还是要靠学生自主去练、去悟，注意回归教材，以记背提高语感都是有必要的，也只有这样，表达能力才能“死去活来”。
高考作文分为实用文和应用文。实用文包括：1.提纲作文；2.图表作文； 3.图画作文； 4.开放作文；应用文包括：5.书信； 6.通知； 7简历； 8.日记； 9.便条；10.电子邮件。
本贴通过10个类型的题目分析，论文呈现到专家点评三个环节来一一呈现各个类型作文的写作方法，为即将参加高考的筒子们加油！
1.提纲作文：在英语课堂上，你喜欢你的老师授课时只用英语，还是英语、汉语兼用？某英语杂志社就此话题邀请中学生发表看法。请围绕“How do you prefer your English classes to be taught? In English only,or in both English and Chinese?”这个问题，参考所给要点，选择一种授课形式，写一篇英语短文。授课形式一：只用英语
优点：有助于提高听说能力等
缺憾：不易听懂等 结论：……授课形式二：英语、汉语兼用
优点：易于理解等
缺憾：英语氛围不浓等
结论：……注意：1.词数 100~120，短文开头已给出(不计词数)。
2.参考词汇：atmosphere氛围
满分文(一) I prefer my English classes to betaught in both English and Chinese, whose advantage is that it is easy for usto understand what the teacher talks about. The teacher first teaches the classin English, and then she explains those that are hard to understand to us sothat we get a better knowing of the passage. That will be good for us. However, teaching the class in twolanguages will make the English atmosphere not so strong. Some students whowish to be taught in English will be disappointed. Except for the disadvantage, I thinkit is really good to hear two languages in classes. It can make us morefamiliar with the foreign culture.名师指导： 审题是作文的第一要素，本文的审题准确无误。无论是要点的把握还是结构的组织都证明了这一点。本文运用多种复杂句式，整体看来是不错的。文中的一个复合句式显示了作者的英语功底。其他出彩短语的使用也很地道，可以参看好句中的分析。背诵内容：
1.advantage n.优点
2.be familiar with，对某人熟悉
3. atmosphere n.气氛
满分文(二) I prefer my English classes to betaught only in English because it is helpful for us to improve the ability ofspeaking and listening in a very short time. I have strong interest in Englishstudy and foreign culture, so I’d like to be totally immersed in the atmosphereof English so that I can quickly make progress. That’s why I prefer totalEnglish. However, since we are all English beginners, it’s really hard tounderstand all that the teacher says. Sometimes we need Chinese explanation. Somy viewpoint is that we are taught not only in English but also using Chineseas a minor way to explain things that are hard to understand.名师指导： 本文写作十分成功。语言和句式是本文最大的特点。好词中词汇的使用，将作者的意思表达得完整而准确，从而映衬了词汇的重要性；其次，本文的句式以复杂句为主，表语、定语和状语从句的使用都十分到位。应背好词：1. immerse v.沉浸
2. explanation n.解释
3. make progress 取得进步
2.图表作文：今年寒假，你参加了社会实践活动，去某旅行社当业余导游。请根据该旅行社提供的数据和你的所见所闻，用英语写一篇短文，作为寒假作业交给你的英语老师。
Number of people in City X travellingabroad in 1996, 2001 and 2006
要求：1. 简析表格，说明产生这种现象的原因；
2. 结合漫画，谈谈境外旅游出现的问题； 3. 针对所出现的问题阐述你自己的看法（至少两点）； 4. 词数120左右；
5. 参考词汇：吐痰 spit v. When people’s life is getting better and better,more and more people choose to spend their holidays abroad. The year 2006 seesa sharp increase in the number of overseas travelers compared with the year2001, when the number was already much larger than that of the year 1996. It’sa good thing that Chinese tourism is developing very fast. However, reportsabout people’s bad manners flood in. Some are even asked if all Chinese spitand litter everywhere. The poor behavior has done great harm to the image ofChina, which is really shameful.China has long been regarded as a country withgood manners. Everybody should keep some do’s and don’ts in their mind to guidetheir behavior in public, home and abroad. Win respect for yourself and ourcountry!内容要点1. 简析表格内容；2. 出境旅游人数快速增长的原因，如：生活水平的提高（学生需自己发挥）3. 漫画中的问题: 随地吐痰，乱扔垃圾4. 个人的看法，指出这些行为是不文明的；要提倡社会公德（学生需自己发挥至少两点）该篇文章完全完成了试题规定的任务。
准确、清楚地表达了图表、漫画和要求中的内容，要点无遗漏，应用了较多的语法结构和词汇有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑，达到了预期的写作目的。属于很不错的高分范文！3.图画作文: 根据以下图画，写一篇英语短文，描述今昔通讯方式的变化，以及这些变化给人们生活带来的影响。
注意：1．词数：100左右 2．生词：通讯：communicate 互联网：the Internet Great changes have takenplace in the way of communication in people’s life. In the past, people kept intouch with each other mainly by writing letters or using the public telephone.But now almost everyone has his own mobile phone. People can communicate witheach other almost at any place and at any time. What’s more, people have easyaccess to the Internet, which enables them to send and receive e-mails wheneverthey like. With these changes, people’s pace of life has been quickened andpeople’s work has been made more efficient. It used to take several days tohear from each other, but now it takes only several minutes, even if they are intwo different countries. In a word, people have aneasier life nowadays.名师点评：
此类文章首先要构思文章结构
开头：总起即说什么
常用句型: 1. In short, things have begun to improve since …
2. Great changes have taken place in …
3. With the growing popularity of Internet surfing in China, the quality of ourlives is improving.
4. There are some three major values of owning a car, To begin with … Next… last... There are, on the other hand, more reasons against it. First…， Second…, Finally…
主体：即怎么说？可用举例、对比、分析、数字、描写等。
列举过去的情况Take … for example, in the past she …. / sheused to do besides…, what’s more.
列举现在的情况 but now, not only do/ can he … but also he …;besides, in addition, moreover, what’s more…
结尾：总结 in short; in a word; as a result4.开放作文：你班将组队参加学校组织的集体舞比赛(group dancingcompetition)，班长希望大家积极参与。对此谈谈你的想法。 A group dancing competition will be held in ourschool and the monitor calls on everybody to take an active part in it. Whilemost of my classmates are still hesitating whether to participate, I have saidyes to our monitor with great pleasure.Generally speaking, there are two reasons for mydecision. First, it is a good opportunity for me to relax myself, which willenable me to study more efficiently. All work and no play makes Jack a dullboy, so goes the saying, which clearly shows us the importance of relaxation. Besides,I think I am a good dancer after learning dance for more than five years.Participating in the contest will be a golden chance for me to show my dancingskills and make some contributions to the class.For the two reasons mentioned above, it is nosurprise that I have such a strong enthusiasm on the group dancing competition.你的文章必须包括以下内容：
1）你是否会参加比赛；
2）你做出该决定的具体理由。所谓开放“作文”，是相对于我们过去一直沿用的“书面表达”这种指导性写作(GuidedWriting)而言的。它是一种比传统的“书面表达”限制较少的、留给考生自由发挥空间更多的考查学生书面表达能力的一种题型。开放作文属于命题作文，考生要根据所给命题，独立进行构思，并必须做适当的发挥。它在一定程度上考查了考生的写作能力，即要求考生根据写作动机选择相应的写作策略，并根据自己已经具备的相应知识完成写作。以下是开放作文常用句型描述部分1. As can be seen from the picture, a boy is doing …As we can see in the picture, there are two peoplestaring at a plant growing in a pot.In the picture, we can see a bucket made of woodenboard in different length.2. There be … doing有四只小鸟翱翔在高高的天空上.There are four young birds flying high in the sky.3. See … doing我们能看到一只大鸟在巢中休息In the picture, we can see a big bird resting in anest.4. … while … (对比)在风中, 大树折断了，而小草则依然挺立.In the wind, the tall tree breaks into two halves,while the short grass remains standing straight.In the eyes of the man on the left, the plants willgrow thick and tall, while in the other’s view, the plants will be dying prettysoon.5. 地点状语放句首, 主句全部倒装.地点状语+live / fly / sit/ stand / grow /be +名词+非限定性定语从句.在蜘蛛网的中间, 坐着一个小孩, 他整日坐在电脑前面和别人聊天和打游戏.In the middle of the spider web sits a child, who isoccupied in chatting with others and playing online games in front of thecomputer all day long.In the wind stands a big tree, which is blown to oneside and almost broken into two halves.On the surface of the big clock are two people, one ofwhom is an old man and the other a young boy.In the middle of the picture is a man dressed in oldfashioned clothes who is cutting the bushes into the same shape.6. It is obvious that… / obviously (逻辑引领, 承上启下)显而易见, 这个孩子已经因为迷上网络而忽略学习.It’s obvious that the child is so addicted to theInternet that he forgets what he should do.解释部分1. This picture sets us thinking and we may gainenlightenment from what the picture really means.2. What the picture conveys goes far beyond only apicture itself. It carries deeper meanings.3. My understanding of the picture is that…4. Seeing the picture, I think that…5. We can often see this similar phenomenon in ourdaily life.It is very common in our society……This phenomenon is not unusual in our societyThis reflects a common phenomenon in our society6. The picture reminds me of the fact that…7. The picture sets us thinking a lot.8. It is obvious that the picture has a profound /hidden / irony meaning.9. The picture arouses our interest of guessing whatthe artist wants to tell us and at the same time we can learn something fromit.10. While the picture looks very funny, it really has aprofound meaning for us to take into consideration.11. The purpose of the artist who draws the cartoonpicture is clear and instructive as well.12. Obviously, we can learn a lot from the cartoonpicture. What the picture tries to tell us is that…结尾部分1．Inmy view, no matter where we are working, we ought to cooperate with ourcolleagues well. And only in this way can we create a harmonious workingatmosphere and work more efficiently.2．Frommy perspective, weak as the grass is, it can stand strongly in the big windwhen the big tree breaks in half. In other words, the grass appears weak, butit has a strong mind. The tree looks stronger, but it cannot conquerdifficulties and even gives up hope in the end. So we can learn a lesson fromthe picture- a person’s inner strength is much powerful than physical strength.3．Weought to hold a positive attitude towards our life. Only by this means can welive happily and healthily.4．Thepicture tells us that we ought to help someone in our team to complete himself.Only by this means can our team work better and achieve success in the end.5．Onlywhen we see others’ advantages can we learn from them and make greater progressday by day.6．Onlyby choosing the most suitable methods for our studies can we gain as much aspossible in the end.The picture arouses our interest of guessing what theartist wants to tell us and at the same time we can learn something from it.10. While the picture looks very funny, it really has aprofound meaning for us to take into consideration.11. The purpose of the artist who draws the cartoonpicture is clear and instructive as well.12. Obviously, we can learn a lot from the cartoonpicture. What the picture tries to tell us is that…5.书信：下面是一个中学生给某报编辑部写的一封信，仔细阅读并就信的内容以编辑的名义给此中学生回一封信。Dear editor. I aman active girl, and I speak and laugh loudly in the classroom, like a boy. Idon’t care about small matters. On the contrary, my neighbor, the girl who sitsnext to me, speaks quietly and dare not do the things I often do. I canunderstand this. What Ican’t stand is that she often gets angry with me about small things. How can Iget along with her? yours, Sunny注意：1)书信格式要规范； 2)回信需就原信内容给出至少三条建议（如谈心，相互理解，参加他们的生日等活动，谈论共同话题，
分享快乐等等）； 3)字数：120左右。范文：Dear Sunny, It’svery good that you want to be friends with this girl. In my opinion, you’dbetter first have a heart-to-heart talk with her, because understanding eachother is very important for you two. And I also think it’s better for you toask her to join you and your classmates in all kinds of activities, such asbirthday parties, going out for a walk, discussing some fashionable topics, andso on. Besides, helping each other is also very important for both of you. Justshare happiness and sadness with her. And I believe she will understand you intime and it is certain you two will be good friends in the future. Good luck toyou. Yours, Editor名师点评：
英信一般分为商业信函(business letters)和私人书信(personal letters)两种，而书面表达一般都是要求写私人书信。它包括五部分，即信头、称呼、正文、结束语和签名，具体如下：1．信头：寄信人的地址和写信日期，写在信的右上角。注意中地名的写法与中文不同，要从小到大；日期的写法也与中文不同，不是写在签名之下，而是写在寄信人的地址之下。习惯上人们采用美式英语表达，即月、日、年，月，日与年之间用逗号隔开，月份尽量不要缩写，如june 8,2009；而英式英语表达则为日、月、年，中间不用逗号隔开，如8 june2009。2．称呼：自成一行，顶格写。称呼语常用：dearsir/madam/manager/editor/friends/bob，称呼之后一般用逗号。3．正文：信件的主体部分即为信的正文。正文写在称呼的下一行，与dear后第一个单词对齐。正文通常包括三部分，即开头、目的和结尾。正文的开头语常用：thank you for your last letter asking about...；I’m glad to...。正文的结尾语是正文的一部分，常常另起一行，常用的结尾语有：i’mlooking forward to your reply；thanks and all the best；best wishes；wishing you a pleasant journey。4．结束语：结束语与正文的结尾语不一样，它要写在结尾语的下一行，位于书信的右下角，后面用逗号。常用的结束语有：yourssincerely/faithfully/truly；sincerely/truly yours；yours等。6.通知: 假设你们将于5月10日去体检。请根据下列内容和提示，写一篇口头通知，词数80左右。 1．体检地点：人民医院，离我们学校不远，步行大约15分钟的路程。 2．体检日期：5月10日上午8点，星期六。
注意： 1．7：45在医院门口集合，可以骑车或步行前往。 2．体检前空腹。 3．在医院保持安静，听从医生和护士的安排。范文NoticeAttentionplease, everyone, Our class will go to have a physicalexamination in People"s Hospital on Saturday, 10th May. . It is not far from our school. It"s aboutfifteen minutes" walk. You may either walk there or go there by bicycle. The examination will begin at 8:00. We are not allowed to eat or drink anythingbefore the examination. Keep quiet there and listen to the doctors and nurses.After the examination you may go home.名师指导：
一、掌握书面通知特点
书面通知即以书面的形式表达通知的内容，其特点是：措辞较严谨，句子结构相对口头通知会更复杂，尤其会使用一些非谓语动词短语(如用不定式表目的等)和从句(如if 从句、when从句、so that从句等)。
二、熟记书面通知格式
与口头通知不同，书面通知在用书面形式表达出来时，它有自己比较固定的格式：如通知开头要有标题(通常为Notice或Announcement)，标题下面是正文，正文后通常还应有发通知的单位(通常写在右下角)和写发通知的日期(通常写在左下角)等。
三、注意与口头通的区别
口头通知一般有开头称呼语(Ladies and gentlemen, Boys and girls等)，而书面通知通常不用这些开头称呼语；口头通知用来吸引听众注意力的句子(如May I have your attention, please? / Attention please, everyone. Ihave an announcement to make. / Be quite. There is something important I haveto tell you.等)在书面通知中通常不可以用；口头通知的结束套语(That’s all. Thank you very much.)在书面通知中也不会使用。
四、熟记书面通知套语
尽管书面通知与口头通知有很多表达套语不一样，但有些表达(如叫听者不要迟到、欢迎某人参加某活动等方面的套语)是可以通用的，不过有时可能在措辞方面会有所不同(书面通知措辞可能会略正式些)。如：
口头通知：Everyone should be there on time.
Be sure not to be late.
Please be present on time.
书面通知：Everyone is required to be present on time.
口头通知：Be sure to attend it on time.
书面通知：Everybody is expected to attend it on time.
另外，书面通知的以下套语也需注意：
All teachers and students are required to…(全体师生务必要……)
Notice is hereby given that…(兹通知……)
Our school / The Student Union will / is going to hold…
A lecture will be given at 7:00 this evening in…
五、牢记书面语通知时态
与口头通知一样，书面通知也以一般将来时为主。如：
The students of Senior Grade One will go to Jingshan Park on May 4.
We will climb up the hill and have a picnic on the top of it.
After that we will visit the famous botanical garden nearby.
On July 22, Saturday, we will visit the following places — a school or ahospital.
We will be divided into four groups and each group can visit one of the places.
高考英语写作类型
d. With best wishes for your success and happiness,e. With best wishes for your success in your new field of work,
f. With best regards and wishing you all success,
g. With warmest regards,
h, With best regards to you and your family,
i. With the season’s greetings,
③ 采用完整句子：句末用句号。例如：
a. We are waiting for your good news.
b. I hope to receive your early reply.
c. We look forward to your reply at your earliest convenience.
d. I thank you very much for your services, and wish your continued success.
(6)结束语(Complimentary Close)
①结束语的一般写法如下：
Yours faithfully,
Yours truly,
Truly yours,
Sincerely yours,
②公函常用：
Faithfully yours,
Yours respectfully,
Respectfully yours,
Yours sincerely,
③私人书信常用：
Sincerely yours,
Yours very sincerely,
Yours affectionately,
Yours ever,
④给亲戚朋友的信常用：
Love,
All my love,
Your(ever) loving son/daughter/cousin, etc.
Your affectionate nephew,
Yours lovingly,
Lovingly yours,
(7)署名(Signature)
下面是署名的例子：
①个人署名：
Yours truly,
W. J. Watson
②公司署名：
Yours faithfully,
Legend Computer Company
Wang Lin
Sales Manager
精选范文
① 生日贺信
Dear Bob,
Tomorrow is your birthday. I imagine your family is planning a celebration for you. I write this letter to offer you my heartiest congratulations and best wishes for many returns of the day.
With my sincere wishes for your success,
② 圣诞节及新年贺信
Dear Mary and Helen,
A Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year to you! Allow me to offer you Season Greetings. May the New Year will bring you a bright and prosperous (繁荣) future.
My families who are well and happy, join me in my good wishes.
Yours very sincerely,
Barbara
③感谢信
Dear Sir,
With feelings of deep gratitude I address you to give my thanks for your noble and generous efforts by which my son was saved from the lake. Surely, if it had not been for your help, my son would not be alive now. I shall be most happy to have a chance of serving you in return.
I extend you again a thousand thanks for the great favor.
Yours faithfully,
Wang Bing
④ (本文来自：www.dXF5.com 东 星资 源 网:高考英语写作类型)请求帮助信
Dear Harry,
I expect to leave Shanghai for Nanjing next Monday and intend to stay there for a month or so. You told me you had been there for a long time and knew a lot of people. I, therefore, shall thank you if you will kindly let me have one or two letters of introduction to them as I am an entire stranger in that place.
⑤ 申请信(申请作为研究助理)
Dear Sir,
I’m a graduate student in the Physics Department of Qinghua University.
Recently I read that you are hiring an assistant to do research on solar physics. As you can see from my resume (简历)，I have had experience in this field. I’m very interested in your project and hope to work with you. My telephone number is 83745102.
Thank you for your consideration. I am looking forward to hearing from you soon.
⑥道歉信
[范文]
256 Weeton road
Hong Kong
7 th June, 2000
Dear David,
I am very sorry that I could not meet you last night. I hope that you did not wait too long outside the New York Theatre. I had to look after my small brother until my mother returned home. She spent a long time at the doctor’s and she arrived home very late. I am all the way to the bus stop, but I had already missed the bus. And so I decided to get on a train and I arrived at the New York Theatre at eight o’clock. I didn’t think that you would still be there because It was three quarters of an hour late. I do hope that you will forgive me.
Anyway, how about next Friday?
Love,
Sue
这类信件一般包括三个部分：1)道歉(apology) 2) 叙述原因或问题(reason/problem) 3)后果及解决办法(consequence + offer of solution)。
范文是比较典型的致歉信。Sue首先在信的开头向David 为昨晚未能按时到剧院见他表示道歉。然后叙述昨天未能准时到剧院的原因，结果晚8点才赶到剧院，迟到了45分钟。Sue 以为David已经走了，没有见到他，最后一句“How about next Friday?”提出下周五再见面的解决办法。
三 启事
1遗失启事以Lost作为标题放在启事的上方正中。在Lost 的右下角处写出遗失启事的时间。
启事的正文包括遗失物品，遗失的时间、地点，若有人发现遗失物品送交的人、地点。启事
正文右下角写上失主的姓名，Loser 可写可不写。
2招领启事以Found作为标题放在启事上方正中。在found的右下角处写上招领启事的时间。
启事的正文包括招领的物品。拾到物品的时间及丢失者去认领失物的地点。启事正文的右下
角写上登这一启事的单位。
遗失启事
Lost
September 1, 2000
I was careless and lost a green school bag in the dining-hall on the morning of 21 st of August. Inside were an English textbook, a workbook, a dictionary and a key to my bike. Will the finder please send it either to the monitor of Class 3, Senior Grade 3 or to myself? Many thanks to the finder. Our classroom is in Room 303, Building 2.
Zhao Meng
(Loser)
失物招领启事
Found
June 8th, 2000
A wallet was found yesterday afternoon, inside of which there is some money and other things. The loser is expected to come to the Office of Senior Grade 2 to identify it.
The Office of Senior
Grade 2
四 通知
通知是一种常用应用文体，用来把有关事情告知特定的读者或听众。通知的正文就是通告的内容，这是主体部分，包括通告的对象、事由、时间、地点等。它分为书面通知和口头通知两种，这两种通知在格式上有较大差别。
书面通知的常见形式有一般通知、布告、海报等。它们一般张贴在布告栏或黑板上。通知的正文上方有Notice (或全部大写NOTICE)或Announcement (或全部大写ANNOUNCEMENT)
为题目。以海报形式出现时，通知常以海报内容为题，如Lecture, Football Match等。当然题目中还可以出现发通知的单位，如Student Union Notice, English Department Announcement，通知题目要求居中打印、书写，有时为了强调，甚至可以以粗体形式出现。书面通知一定要有发通知时间及落款。出通知的时间一般写在通知正文的下方左角，落款于右下角，当然时间及落款也可都写右下角。书面通知的正文一般用第三人称来写。时间、地点、参加者、内容、注意事项是通知的要点，应直截了当地一一予以说明。我们既可以用包容量较大的长句，也可以用简明的短语，前者正式，后者易懂易记。在正文中切忌添枝加叶的评论。一般情况下通知以段落形式出现，海报则按信息分行居中书写或打印。
口头通知一般不用写题目，也不必有出通知的时间。发布口头通知首先说明被通知的对象，在正文前面有呼语且顶左格写，如：Ladies and gentlemen, Boys and girls 等等。为了引正听者的注意，需另起行不顶格写一些引人注意的话，如：Be quiet, please! May I have your attention? Attention, please! 等。口头通知要口头发布，因而可以用较随意口语体，如：I’ll, I’ve等。口头通知在结束时要有结束语，这是因为口头通知需要用一些语言表明通知的起止，如用That’s all. 表示通知到此为止宣布完毕。另外结尾处还需要一些如Thank you. 一样的客套语。口头通知的一些常用的开头语和结束语。
开头语
Be quiet, please! Attention, please!
Listen, please.
A Please be quiet, everyone.
Please stop talking over there!
May I have your attention, please!
Please be quiet, everyone, There is something I have to tell you.
B Be quiet, please. There is something you need to know.
Listen, please. There is going to be…
结束语
Any questions?
Does everyone understand?
That’s all. Thank you.
不论是口头通知还是书面通知都是宣布即将发生的事情及其具体内容，因而多用将来时态，其中往往有一些注意事项，一般用祈使句来强调。通知的语言要简洁明了，条理清晰，要求精确，特别是时间概念很重要，必须写得十分明确，不容丝毫含糊。
①会议通知
[题 材]
你班决定在下周三(5月15日)下午3：30在你班教室召开会议，讨论如何学习英语。目前在
西北轻工业学院任教的史密斯教授将应邀在会上讲话。今天是5月11日。请你写一个通知，要求大家准时参加。
词数：70左右。
[范 文]
A Meeting to Be Held
Notice
A meeting to discuss how to learn English is to be held in our classroom on next Wednesday May 15th, 1999, at 3:30 p.m..
The discussion is very interesting. At the end of the meeting, Professor Smith working at the Northwest Institute of Light Industry will give us some useful advice.
All the students of our class are expected to be present on time.
May 11, 1996 Class 1, Grade 3
② 庐山郊游通知
[题 材]
假如你是高三(2)班班长，你班要在5月4日即下星期六去庐山郊游。请你拟一份通知，准备向同学们宣读。内容包括：
1、郊游日期：5月4日，下星期六；
2、主要内容：攀登比赛、摄影等；
3、早餐后8点坐校车出发，午餐自带，下午3点回校；
4、欢迎全体同学参加。凡参加者先登记并交给班长5元钱。
注意：通知词数约70—120。要求意思连贯。
[范 文]
An Outing to Lushan
An Announcement
Class, please be quiet. I am glad to tell you that we have decided to have an outing to Lushan next Saturday, May 4th. The expense is about five yuan. Those who wish to go should put down the names on this piece of paper and give the money to me. We will go by school bus which is to start after breakfast at 8:00 a. m. and come back to school at 3:00 p.m.. Remember to bring your lunch with you.
We’ll have a contest of climbing the hill and take photos there. All the students are welcome. That’s all. Thank you.
Monitor
Class 2 of Senior Grade 3
③某中学将有一位美国教授布菜克博士来访，该教授将给师生们作一次报告，介绍美国的教育情况。学校要求同学们在星期三下午2：30准时到105大教室参加报告会，并带上笔记本，以便会后讨论。请你根据上面要点，用英语写一通知。(字数：80左右)
参考词语
美国教授American professor
有关教育的报告a report on education
作笔记to take notes
讨论to have a discussion
Notice
An American professor, Dr Black will visit our school this Wednesday afternoon. He will give us a report on the education in America. Everyone is supposed to be in Room 105, the big classroom exactly at 2:30 p.m. Wednesday. Please bring your notebooks with you and take notes while listening to the lecture, so that we can have a discussion about it after it is over.
④假如你是班长，通知你班同学本周星期六晚上7：30—在本班教室举行一次英语晚会，节目有唱歌、朗诵、讲故事、话剧等，要求本班同学都参加，欢迎外班同学光临，请同学们作好准备。(字数：80左右)
参考词语
朗诵recitation
节目programme (或program)
欢迎to be welcomed
表演 to perform
Fellow students, attention, please.I have some good news to tell you. We’re going to have an English evening, in our classroom at 7:30 on Saturday evening. The programme inclides songs, recitations, storytelling and short plays. Everyone in our clas must take part in it and students form other classed are also welcome. Everone who takes part in the party should perform once.
That’s all. Thank you.
五 便条
便条多用于较熟的亲友、同事之间，以代替一般的私人书信及公务书信,因此便条除具有书信的一般特征外，还有某些特殊性：
（1）临时性和紧迫性。便条多是临时性的通知、询问，内容大多有较紧迫的时间限制，比如通知当事人立即给某处回电话，通知医生即刻出诊等等。所以，便条大多是匆忙写在纸条上托人转交或留在某处。
（2）非正式性。便条所写的基本都是可以公开的普通事宜，而且内容大都非常简单，几句话就可以说清楚，不必采用非常的书信形式，也不用缄口。
由于便条的以上两个特征，便条在形式上具有以下特点：
（1）简化书信格式。便条既不用信封，不写收信人与发信人地址，也不写结尾问候语。不详细写明年月日，而只写星期，或日月。由于时间大多发生在一两天内，常常要写明上、下午或钟点。日期可写于正文右上角或末尾署名之下，没有很严格的限制。
（2）简化称呼及签署。便条多用于相熟的朋友、同事或家人之间，称呼用语应亲切、随便，不可过于正式。如可用Mary, Dear Johnson等等。署名也可以只写姓或只写名。因为即使公务便条，也多用于同一部门，大家相互熟悉，笔迹也容易认读。
（3）语言通俗而口语化。便条形式随便，语言也应通俗。要尽量避免用大词和过分正式的句子。如尽量用：“Just a line to tell you that…”而不用“This is to inform you that…”，用“put off ”而不用“postpone”。句子的结构尽量简单。
例如：
① 你到一个叫李英的同学家，通知他一件事，碰巧他不在家，你给他留了张便条，内容如下：
a. 明天的课将推迟到本星期六下午2点，因为明天你要参加劳动—植树，上午7点在校门口集合出发。
b.前天你把雨伞落在他家房子的前门外，请他明天上课时替你带来。
×××
8.10
Aug.10
Li Ying,
Tomorrow’s class will be put off to Saturday. Instead, we’ll take part in the labour—plant trees. We’ll gather at the school gate and start off at 7:00 a.m.
I left my umbrella at the front door of your house the day before yesterday. Please bring it to me when you come to school tomorrow.
Thank you very much.
Yours,
Wei Ping
六 介绍地点
介绍地点，有四项基本要求：一是抓住此处所的基本特征；二是要遵循一定的顺序，使文章条理清楚，中心突出；三是要运用恰当的方法进行说明；最后是语言要做到准确无误。
介绍地点，目的是让人明白无误地了解它，并且给人留下深刻印象。因此写作时首先抓住事物的特征，即一事物区别于其他事物的标志。我们可描绘的地点多得不胜枚举，诸如village(乡村)，city(城市)，school(学校)，library(图书馆)，factory (工厂)等，它们各有其特点。所以在介绍地点时，要抓住其基本特征，加以客观地说明、描述，使读者在短时间内获得足够的信息。
要把一个地点介绍清楚，必须言之有序，富有条理。所谓“言之有序”，即要符合人们认识事物、欣赏事物的习惯。有的适宜按空间顺序，一般为由上至下或由下至上，由远及近或由近及远，顺时针方向或逆时针方向等来介绍；有的宜按逻辑顺序，由概括到具体、由理想到本质、由主要到次要、由整体到部分等来说明；还有的可按时间顺序来介绍，但第三类较少动用。有的还可采用多种顺序来说明，但初学者以一种顺序为好。
运用恰当的方法可以把处所说明得更为具体、明确。常见的方法有列数字、做比较、打比方、举例子、引资料等。不过，这类文章最容易写得呆板单调，缺乏生气，让人读起来感到乏味。所以除上述几种方法外，适当地运用描写，可增加文章的文采，使所写内容打动读者，达到最佳的表达效果。例如下面一段文字：The village where I was born is a beautiful place. There area green hills and clear water around it. Trees grow everywhere; a river flows in front of it …. Duck swim in the pools; cows bellow (哞哞叫)in their sheds. Occasionally you can hear a dog bark or a cock crow (喔喔叫)….这段文字通过生动的描写，向我们展示了一幅乡村的自然美景图。同时，它又激发了我们心中对乡村生活的想象和向往。
最后，要注意语言的准确性，遣词造句不可过分渲染或模棱两可，要简洁、明白。尤其要注意方位词的准确运用。常用的方位词或词组有：to the right (在右边)，to the left (在左边)，north (北)，south (南)，east (东)，west(西)，front (前面的)，back (后面的)，above(在……中间)，in (在……里)等，要注意这些方位词及它们的一些常用搭配的运用。
南极洲
[题材]
请根据下面表格，以“南极洲”为题写一篇短文(词数80—110)。
名 称 南极洲
位 置 地球的最南端(extreme south)
面 积 大约14万平方公里
气 候 世界上最寒冷的地方，常年有冰雪覆盖
自然资源 企鹅(penguin)、鲸(whale)、铁、煤等
人口 只有科学工作者
[范 文]
Antarctica
Antarctica, which is the coldest continent in the world, lies in the extreme south of the earth. it has an area of about 140,000 square kilometers. It is covered with cold thick ice and deep snow all year long. But it is a very rich continent. It has many well-known animals such as penguins, whales and it is also rich in mineral resources including iron, coal and so on. Up to now only some visiting scientists live there. maybe one day lots of households will live there.
七、介绍事物
一、抓住事物的特征
介绍事物，一定要抓住事物的特征，所谓特征，就是人或事物所具有的独特的地方。只有把握住事物的独特性，并以此来展开说明或描述，才能把要说明的对象说清楚 。你想描述的任何事物都有其特征。比方说，我们拿起一支铅笔，仔细地观察它，就会注意到它的颜色、形状、
长度、锐利程度以及硬度等。也许你的作文以“This pencil is of normal size and shape.”开头，接着你就描写这支铅笔所具有的与众不同的特点。这种写作方法尤其适用于描写大家所熟悉的而又具有新的、与众不同的特征的事物。再比如下面一段文字：“去年，妈妈从北京给带回一套西服，质地上乘，做工考究，可棒了。”“质地上乘，做工考究”的服装很多，这几个字并未把这套西服的特征说清楚，因此不会给我们留下什么印象。总之，介绍一件事物，要考虑从哪方面着手才可抓住事物的具有代表性的特征。
二、要遵循一定的顺序
写任何文章都要做到条理分明。介绍一件事物，目的是上让读者清楚地了解事物本身的特点、性质以及用途等，因此更需要条理清楚。我们可以按以下三类顺序说明事物：1、时间顺序，即按事物的发生、发展的先后顺序进行说明。2、空间顺序，即按事物空间位置的顺序，由上至下，由近及远或由里至外地进行说明。3、逻辑顺序，即按人们认识事物的规律进行说明，如由概括到具体，由整体到部分，由现象到本质，由表及里，由原因到结果，由主要到次要，由特点到用途等。
三、选用恰当的方法
说明事物，我们常采用以下方法；
1、定义法。定义法的目的是让不知此事物的人对此物有一个起码的了解，以利于下文的展开。如：A thermometer is an instrument used for measuring temperature. 就是对thermometer下了一个定义。有些事物也许不好下个明确定义，但我们可以交待这个事物的背景，来源，或列举出它的一些典型特征，以便让读者明白。这类事物可以是术语，也可以是外国人所不了 的中国的传统事物，如龙舟节等。2、举例说明法。举出具有代表性的例子，能够真切地说明事物，化抽象为具体，使段落变得有血有肉，丰富起来。举例时常用的表达有：for example(例如)，for instance(例如)，as an example of (作为……的例子)，take… for example (以……为例)等。3、比较法。为了突出事物鲜明的特点，我们常把它与其他事物进行比较。比方说我们想向读者介绍什么是“电脑”，我们可以说“It’s a kind of electrical or artificial (人工的)brain.”这样把电脑和人脑进行了比较，从而使人们对“电脑”有更清晰的认识。4、细节描述法。介绍一种事物，仅用概述性的词语如beautiful, friendly, boring, good 或bad 是不够的。作者要提供一些细节，使被描述的对象更加形象具体，从而加深读者的印象。
除上述几种方法外，我们还可以通过引经据典(即引用专家、名人等的话语)、列举数字等其他方法说明一件事物，从而使文章更加严密，内容更具有科学性，更有说服力。
四、运用恰当的语言
介绍事物，文字要力求简洁、明白、准确。比如：The cover of the magazine is very nice. 在此句中“nice”一词的意义不够明确，如果改用“artistic”就清楚了许多。再如下句：We wish to state that this electric car was designed with the idea of safety in mind. 此句冗长，不够简洁，应改为：The electric car was designed for safety. 除讲究语言平实准确的前提下，我们还可以运用描写的方法，来增添文章的可读性。例如在写题目为“My Pencil Box”这一文章时，若写成“I have a pencil-box, which was given to me by classmates as a birthday present. On it are three little bears. Inside are my pencils, a rubber and a pen-knife.”这样的表达是不是显得干巴巴的，毫无情趣？若能对三只小熊憨态可掬的形象加以描述，则会给读者留下深刻的印象。另外，在介绍事物时，语言易流于单调，若插入传说、趣事，或引用诗文、成语，或运用比喻、拟人、反问等修辞手段则可使语言生动形象，引人入胜。
(1)、家用电脑
[题 材]
家用电脑体积小，价格低，造型优美，简单易用，使用方便，灵活；可用于计算，记事，打电话，打印信件；儿童可用它来学英语，做游戏。你通过家用电脑能学会怎样使用微机，为将来找工作提供便利；电脑工作比人快数倍；我们已经得到了电脑的巨大帮助。
请根据以上内容写一篇介绍家用电脑的说明文。
要求：
1、短文需包括以上全部内容，但不可逐条翻译；
2、词数为120左右。
[范 文]
The Family Computer
The family computer is small. Its price is not high, and it has a good look. It can be used easily. You can use it to calculate, make notes, call others and type letters, etc. Also, children can learn English or play games with it. Besides, you can use a family computer as a training computer. You can learn how to use an office computer, which will give you convenience to find a good job in a company. Computers can work hundreds of times faster than human beings. We have been greatly helped by computers.
(2)、茶
[题 材]
就题目“茶(Tea)”写一篇120词左右的短文。内容包括：
1、饮茶源于中国，现已遍及全世界；
2、中国有许多世界名茶。用不同的方法加工茶，可生产出红茶(black tea)，绿茶，花茶(scented
tea)保健茶(tea)等；
3、饮茶已成为我们生活的一部分。饮茶可以使人保持大脑清醒，解除疲劳。茶里的营养成分
(nutritious elements)以及微量元素(trace elements)可以使人健康。
[范 文]
Tea
Tea drinking originated① in ancient China and has spread all over the world. China grows several kinds of the world famous tea. By using different ways to treat and process② tea, the Chinese can produce black tea, green tea, scented tea, medical tea and the like.
Tea drinking has become part of our life. In China, there are tea houses③ where people talk to one another, tell stories and play chess while drinking tea, People drink tea to refresh the mind and get rid of tiredness. Tea has nutritious elements and trace elements, which can make people healthy.
Tea drinking will become more and more popular.
[注 释]
① originated v. 起源
② process v. 加工
③ tea houses 茶馆
八 叙述事件
记事记叙文，就是以记叙事件为主，通过事件表达思想内容的文章。事件有它自身的发展过程，因此，记事的记叙文要说清楚事件发生的时间、地点，事件所涉及的人物、事件的起因、经过和结果。因为叙述的事件都是过去发生的，因此文章的时态主要是过去时。但在插叙时，要用过去完成时，下面着重谈一谈记事记叙文写作中应注意的一些问题。
一、明确中心思想和写作目的
我们写文章总是为了反映一个问题，也就是说在写作前就应该知道写作的目的是什么，想反映怎样的主题。并且，每篇文章都有其中心思想。因此在写作时应对文章的中心思想非常明确，情节的描写、人物、对话的叙述，遗词造句都应围绕中心展开。
二、精心选材
作者应在初步编排素材的基础上，选择生动有趣而又紧扣主题的典型事例，避空洞笼统与主题无关的夸夸其谈或事例堆砌。例如“A Spring Outing”一文章的作者想反映的是当代中学生热情向上的人生态度和锐意进取、不屈不挠的斗争精神。他没有从唱歌、跳舞、做游戏等方面选材，而是紧紧围绕主题，从山路陡峭，同学们互帮互助，不畏艰险等方面选材，有力地突出了所要表达的中心思想。
三、选择写作角度
叙事记叙文写作一般可以从第一人称或第三人称两个角度来写，如果用第一人称，叙述生动具体，会使读者产生身临其境的感觉，增强故事真实性。其缺点是只能交代出“我”目光所及和“我”心中所想，叙述范围受到限制。而用第三人称写，则不受上述限制，但要将不同的情节连接起来，却比较困难。写作时，应视具体情况选用恰当的人称角度。
四、恰当安排写作次序
最简单的叙事顺序是按情节发展的先后次序叙述即“顺叙”。但有时为了更好地突出主题和为情节发展作铺垫，也可以从故事中间或结尾谈起，即可用“插叙”或“倒叙”的方法。具体采用什么样的叙事顺序，取决于记叙的内容以及文章中心的需要，其目的是更好地突出主题，增强记叙效果。例如“The Necklace”一文，作者先写Jeanne和Mathilde相遇在公园，Mathilde饱经沧桑的容貌使Jeanne不能辨认，文章由Jeanne的问题“Where have you bee these years?”
和“Have times been hard for you?”引起话题，引出Mathilde对往事的回忆。故事按借项链—参加晚会—丢项链—辛勤工作以赔偿项链这一顺序展开，叙述中又穿插了在Mathilde和Pierre家中的情节，道出了借项链的原因。全文采用倒叙的方法，为读者设立悬念；起到了扣人心弦的效果，而在倒叙中又运用顺叙和插叙的方法，目的是要更好地为故事情节的发展作铺垫，突出人物性格。
五、叙事要清楚、完整，文章结构要体现“五何”原则
叙述一件事情，就要在文中交代清楚五方面的内容即何时、何地、何人、何事以及发展如何，也就是英语中的when, where, who, what 以及how，使叙述做到有因有果，有起有落，给人以完整的印象。交代五大要素时，要力求灵活多样，切忌呆板。例如交代时间时，可用时间状语(When we arrived there….) 也可用介词短语(on arriving there)或用一些时间 (then)副词等，只有灵活地交代要素，文章才能生动。
六、叙事要详略得当
叙事要根据中心的需要来确定详略，对最能表达中心的要详写，其他的则略写。以“The Merchant of Venice”为例，作者要着力表现的是Portia的机智勇敢和Shylock的贪婪凶残，因此，作者把叙事的重点放在法庭上，而对其他细节则一笔带过，这样就疏密有致，浓淡相宜，文章和谐匀称，主题突出。
七、叙事要写好人物及对话
叙事离不开写人，因此叙事记叙文中一定要注意写好人物，表现出人物的性格特征。而语言又是思想的载体，因此，文中适当地用直接引语不仅起着刻画人物性格的作用，而对事件的发展也有一定程度的推动作用。因此在写叙事记叙文时必须注意人物和对话的描写。
另外，在应试作文中还要注意以下几点：1、写好开头。如果第一句话就有问题，必须会影响评卷人的印象分。2、初学者少用复杂句，以免使句子混乱。3、选词要准确，词语搭配要得当。4、内容要完整，应就事论事，不要画蛇添足，节外生枝。
（1）春 游
[题 材]
根据提示，用英语描述一次春游。
内容：1、时间——上星期四； 2、地点——长山； 3、上山的路，行走困难；
4、同学们互相支持； 5、终于登上山顶； 6、返回
[范 文]
A Spring Outing
Last Thursday we went to Changshan for our spring outing. We reached the foot of the hill at 9 a. m.. After having a short rest, we began to climb. There was no road but stones and bushes. We had to make a way by ourselves.
With the help of the grass, we moved on. While walking, the strong students helped the weak ones. After some time, we were all tried. How we wanted to have a rest, but we couldn’t stop. We walked on. At last, we got to the top of the hill.
On the top of the hill, we laughed and jumped. It seemed that we were the happiest people in the world. We took some photos there, and then sat down and had something to eat.
At 3 p. m. we began to go down. We wished the spring of our country would be with us forever.
九、如何改写、缩写等
缩写是在保留原文体载、题材、主要内容、结构顺序，人称角度的前提下概括原文内容、压缩篇幅使之成为一篇内容简明、语言简练、中心突出的短文。缩写时须把握的一个原则是：我们要对原文内容高度概括，而不是对原文内容的改写或评论、议论，因此切不可添加自己的主观看法、发表自 议论。如果上一原则不可随意加，那么与此相关的另一原则是不可随意减。缩写时一定要准确完整地把握原文，主干枝叶分清楚，有关主题的主干切不可任意肢解删减，我们要删去或简写的是无关大局的细节，切不可随便摘取其中部分要点了事。
缩写要注意语言。首先，要在准确理解原文的基础上，对原文要点用自己的话进行改写(paraphrase)，不要在原文中生硬摘取连缀成句。如一篇原文中有这样的描写：We moved out of the city slowly behind a long line of cars, but at last we came to a quiet country road and after some time, stopped at the lonely farm这么长的句子说明了一个事实：路上出游的车很多，得过很久才能找到一个安静的地方。我们可用自己的话表达原句：There were a lot of cars on the road so it took us a long time to find a quiet place. 或We spent so much time finding a quiet place, for there were so many cars on the road. 其次，缩写语言要简练。我们可以将多个简单句变成一个紧凑的复合句。如：Newton thought about so many problems that he was often absentminded. he frequently forgot to have his meals. 一句可以紧缩为Newton was so absentminded that he often forgot to have his meals. 使语言简练的另一手段是将小句(clause)变成短语。如：When the child saw his mother, he cried loudly. 可变为Seeing his mother, the child cried loudly. 再如，As far as the weather is concerned. 可简化成as for the weather等等。
改写是在保持原文主体内容的基础上进行的。改的方面可以是体裁、人称、语言、结构等。比较常见的如在短文与对话之间改写。改写应意以下几点。
首先，要保持原文基本内容不变，在些基础上可进行细节添加或删减。例如“看病”这一题材若以对话形式出现就少不了医生对病人说的专业性用语，如：What’s the matter with you? How are you feeling?等，而在商店出现的对话就少不了售货员的行业用语，如：What can I do for you?等，它们在被改写短文时是要被删除的，因为它们只是进入正式活动的引入语。当然同类题材的短文改写成对话时要顾及到它们所起的作用。有些改写需在写作中想象某些情节，这一点常出现在转换人称角度的作文中。添加内容时，一定要注意切题，根据上下文做合情合理的设想。
其次，短文与对话进行改写时要注意语言时态、时间表达等方面的改变。短文可以记叙、说明、议论等，可以记叙过去事，议论现在事，说明一般事实，把它们变成对话时，用的全是直接引语，时态上一般要用一般现在时态，人称上短文中的主要人物成了对话参与者，所以一二人称的使用第三人称多。
对原文进行改写时要注意语言的灵活多变性。例如将对话改写成短文时，要仔细研究原文中句子的功能，然后根据不同的功能选择适当的表达方式，不能笼统地将语言功能分为问(ask)、答(answer)、说(say)。当询问时可以用ask, inquire, want to know, wonder 等；表示命题、要求时可用askequest, demand等；当提出建议时可说suggest, advise, give a piece of advice等；当表扬或指责时可用praise, accuse等；当表示承诺时可用promise。这样，语言的灵活使用可使行文自然，流畅。
（1）邀请观看足球赛
[题 材]
把下面的电话记录改写成一篇80词左右的英语短文，不要用直接引语。通话时间是某日上午。
Gary: Hello. Could I speak to Mary, please?
Marry: Yes, it’s Mary here. Is that Gary speaking?
Garry: yes. There’ll be a football game in our university this afternoon. Will you go to
watch it with me?
Mary: What time will it begin?
Garry: At two o’clock. If you go, I’ll wait for you at the gate of your company at half past
one. OK?
Marry: I want to go with you very much, Gary, but I’m afraid I cannot. I’ll be at a
conference then.
Gary: It’s too bad! What about tomorrow morning, Mary? There’ll be another match
there.
Marry: That’s great! I’ll be free tomorrow.
Gary: Where can I wait for you?
Marry: You’d better come to my home, and then we’ll go to the game together. All right?
Gary: OK. Good-bye.
Marry: See you tomorrow.
[范 文]
An Invitation to Watch a Football Game
One morning, Gary rang up Mary, inviting her to watch a football game with him that afternoon. Mary wanted to, but she couldn’t because she had to attend a conference. Gary was regretful for that.
Then Gary told Mary that there would be another game at the some place the next morning and asked her if she could go to it with him. Mary was happy that she would be free that day and could watch the game with Gary. She told Gary to come to her home and then they would go to it together.
（2）失 眠
[题 材]
用100个左右的单词缩写下面的故事。要求句子通顺，情节与原文相同。
A businessman who had been working too much found that he could not sleep at night, but kept on falling asleep in the day. He became so worried that he went to see his doctor.
“Can you help me, doctor?” he asked anxiously, “I used to sleep well, but recently I haven’t been able to sleep for more than two hours a night.”
The doctor examined him carefully, gave him some tests, advised him to work less hard, and told him to take some medicine to help him. The doctor was sure that he was not seriously ill, and that he would soon be better.
But the businessman grew worse instead of better. He slept even less than before at night, and was continually asleep in his office. He visited his doctor very often, and it took the doctor a long time to discover the reason that the businessman’s servant gave him the sleeping medicine in the morning, and the one to keep him awake at night.
[范 文]
Sleeplessness
A businessman worked too hard, and he could not get to sleep at night while he kept falling asleep at daytime. He became so worried that he had to see his doctor. The doctor examined him carefully and found out he wasn’t seriously ill. The doctor gave him some medicine and told him to work less hard.
But the businessman grew even worse. He saw the doctor once again. At last the doctor discovered that the businessman’s servant gave him sleeping medicine in the morning and the medicine that kept him awake in the evening by mistake.
十、根据图画写短文
成于图表的短文一般可分为三类：叙述类，说明类和议论类。叙述类可包括根据图表写出的日记；说明类可包括个人生平，履历、通知或交代某些注意事项的留言条，根据路线图给人指路和对图表中数字进行客观的分析解释等；议论类则可指分析图表中所给数字，并就这些数字所反映出的事实做出个人评价。
看图画写短文，实际上是要考察考生的综合能力。它要求考生有敏锐的观察力，丰富的想象，严谨的逻辑，冷静的分析，及最终将以上诸方面素质体现出来的良好的表达能力。这里的表达能力就意味着考生应具备一定的写作技巧和知识，能根据画面和不同的题目要求，灵活地运用叙述、描写、议论、说明等方法。那么怎样才能将短文写得精彩呢？
一、认真观察、挖掘细节
细致的观察是写作的基础。题目所给的图画有一幅与多幅之分，但不论几幅，写作短文时总离不开这几个要旨：1、恰当的观察点； 2、有关背景，环境等情况的清楚交代； 3、明确突出的中心思想； 4、清晰的思想脉络； 5、详略得当的材料处理。这一切都建立在细致的观察上。以97年高考英语书面表达试题为例，图中主要人物为哥哥和“我”，这是由第一幅画中的中文示意得来的，这个观察结果就奠定了短文的叙述角度，保证了作者的立场、观点、态度的一致性，同时也达到了题目要求。在确定了人物这一内容的关键，最基本的素材之后，把6幅图结合起来看，吃透几幅图要传达的主要内容，即哥哥和“我”这对违章带人者被另一对违章者抓住，接替他们受罚，等待下一对违章者，并充分理解每幅图的要点，采用顺叙的方式记录下每幅图的要点，以使内容完整，避免不必要的丢分。同时要注意删除不必要的细节，如那对违章者男的穿着白T恤，女的穿裙子，梳辫子，拦住哥哥和“我”时手里拿面小红旗等，将短文词数控制在题目要求范围之内。有时几幅画看上去挺相似，就要仔细观察图中人物的表情有何变化，背景有何变化。总之，只有计真细致地观察，才能从图画中提取出详实的写作素材。
二、发挥想象，仔细分析
题目给出单幅图画要求考生加以评论的不多见，要求说明的倒可能会有，这时需考生调动的是已有的常识，根据一定的逻辑方式加以组织成文以清楚明了为准。如果给出单幅图要求写一篇叙述性的短文，如故事，事情恐怕就会麻烦一些，因为这里需要调动的考生的想象力和逻辑分析的能力。想象力是写作时不可或缺的一种能力。它可以把看似相对独立的几个画面联系起来，当然，我们说的想象并非天马行空，它应当受到逻辑的约束，是用来填充画外人情人理的细节的。
除了以上跟图画有关的两点外，还应注意写作中一些共性的问题，如审清题意，有时图画中没有出现第一人称“我”，但题目要求中明确指出短文要用第一人称写，如93年高中英语书面表达题，未按要求写的就会丢分。再如应注意句子上下的连接是否顺畅，篇章是否合理，还以93年试题为例，它是按时间顺序发展的一篇小故事，动作有明显的先后次序，写作时就不必加许多“之后……然后……过了一会儿……后来……结果…..”等等表示时间顺序的词，这样既可以避免罗嗦，又可以把有限的词数空间用在必需的信息的表达上。还有其他一些写作时应注意的事项，在此我们不就一一赘述了。
根据图表写短文，要注意以几个方面：
第一，审清题目，根据要求选择适当的表达方式和文体。如要求中只提到采用短文形式，则考生便可自主做宽范围的选择。如题中有特殊要求，如“作简单评论”，考生则需要从评的角度考虑问题。在确定了表达方式以后，还要注意选择适当的文体。不同的文体有不同的要求。如正式的信函形式要求有信头、信内地址，呼语，文末根据对象不同有Yours sincerely或Yours faithfully及本人签名等，而普通朋友之间的信函可不写信内地址，称呼可直接写成诸如“Dear John”样的形式，信末可写成Yours sincerely 或Yours 即可，如果亲密朋友，则会更简单一些。而文体选择合适与否，格式是否正确，也是评分标准中的一条，不能忽视。
第二，要注意图表内信息的连接方式。图表中的信息之间虽会有内在的联系，但在表格中的体现形式去是各自独立的，因此考生在写作时却不可照表硬搬，逐字翻译，否则写出来的短文会像一盘散沙，没有凝聚点，混乱滞涩。考生应学会灵活地使用连接词、指示代词等，适当地根据自己的需要和文章的进展调整信息出现的顺序。由于题目通常有词数的限制，因此在表格内容比较丰富，有些信息可能不具备提及的重要性时，可适当地删减其中的一些以满足题目的要求。
提到题目的词数要求，笔者认为有必要提醒考生注意。通常题目在提及词数要求时，有两种方式，一是给出词数允许区间，如100-120词，二是给出模糊数字，如200左右。根据以往的评规则，给出区间的应将词数限制在此区间内。给出模糊数字的，通常允许考生的短文长度在此数字上下浮动，过多或过少都要扣分。因此在满足了表达方式、文件等的要求后，词数要求成了考生同样不可忽视的一个方面。这就要求考生在保证方式正确、格式规范、语句通顺的前提下，补充或删除部分细节。删减的细节必须不损害文章大意，增添的细节和文中内容有紧密的联系，或可作为补充说明，或可起到修辞上的修饰作用。
总之，根据图表写出的短文，应做到格式正确、语句通顺、逻辑连贯，并应在词数要求的范围内尽可能简单明了地包含较多的信息。
[题 材]
仔细观察下列一组图画，请以“歌德的作品”为题写一篇短文。词数在120左右。
给出词：歌德—Goethe
[范 文]
Goethe’s Works
The father had a good stock of books, some easy while some abstract. He loved reading. The son, instead, loved playing in the garden. One day, the son went to his father’s reading room and asked for books. “Want to read, Yeah?” Let me see, err…here, Robinson Crusoe. A fairly good story,” the father said. “No, I want some thick books, like the works of Goethe,” replied the son. The father watched his son out to the garden curiously, wondering what was going on. On the boy’s head topped three books of Goethe. After a while the father walked into the garden, only to find out his son stepping on the books and reaching for the fruit on the tree.
② 下面两幅画是一位美籍华人所看到的中国妇女地位的变化，请你用第一人称的口吻写一篇短文叙述画中的内。(字数：120左右)
提示：
第一幅画：指在旧中国； 第二幅画：指在新中国。
参考词语
解放前before liberation
轻视 to be looked down upon
长大 to grow up
受高等教育 to receive a high education
取得成就 to make great achievements
各个领域 in every field
The Change of Women’s Status
I left China before liberation. In the old days women were looked down upon. They couldn’t go to school when they were little girls. When they grew up, only a few of them could find jobs. At home they did all housework. They washed all the clothes, cooked three meals every day and cleaned the house.
But now they can go to school and even receive a high education. At home, most of them are good mothers and wives. But different from the past, they can do what the man do. They make great achievements in every field. What a great change it is!
③ 价格—销量表
[题 材]
请对下图做一简要说明，词数100—120。
[范 文]
Prices vs. Sales
As is shown in the graph, people buy fewer shoes as the price of shoes goes up. On the contrary, a decrease in the price causes an increase in demand.
Business firms look for the perfect price at which the largest profits can be made. If the price of the shoes goes up to $ 50, the consumers will not buy all of 5000 shoes. The producers will have a surplus of 2000 shoes and they can only get $ 50,000. If the price of the shoes is lowered to $ 10, as many as 5000 shoes can be sold. Still, only $ 50,000 is made.
[评 析]
本文第一段是对图表所反映出的事实作概述，第二段引用数字做具体说明，结构比较清晰。
As is shown…. As (can be) seen from the table (graph, picture, illustration…)…. As (has been) proved…. 等是英译图表时常使用的表达法。
④ 世界人口增长曲线图
[题 材]
请对所给图表进行简要说明，并做适当评论。词数100—120。
给出词：人口爆炸population explosion
曲线 curve
[范 文]
Growth Curve for Human Population of the World
We hear a great deal about the human population explosion, and a glance at the graph reveals why…. We see that human beings in their first million years did not increase their total number greatly it must have taken hundreds of thousands of years to break the first million mark. Records exist only for the past few centuries, but it is clear that the first documented doubling of population took two centuries (1650—1856); the second doubling a little less than one century; and today it doubles in only 30 years!
[评 析]
因题目中要求做适当评论，所在对图表做说明时，就必须先找到一个突破点。本题显然倾向于让考生以人口爆炸问题为议论中心，因此在落笔时就不妨先把论点摆出来，再援引图中所给的具体数字作依据，使文章产生强烈的震撼力和说服力。
⑤ 日记一则
[题 材]
请根据表格用英语写一篇6月2日的日记。
注意：1、日记须包括表格中所有的内容，可以适当增加细节，使日记连贯。
2、词数100左右。
When Saturday, June 2nd
Where the People’s Park
How take the school bus
Departure time 8:00 a. m.
Arrival time 8:30 a. m.
Programme
8:30 a. m.
Morning: rowing small boats; swimming; picnic
Afternoon: walk along the lake bank; take photos
Time to return 5:00 p.m.
[范 文]
A Page from a Student’s Diary
June 2nd Saturday Fine
It was a very nice day. Our class went to the People Park. We took the school bus at the school gate at 8:00 a. m. About 8:30 we arrived there. It is a very large and beautiful park. Many people spend their weekends there because there are a lot of trees, a very large man-made lake and many modern recreational facilities. In the morning, we rowed small boats and swam together, and then we had our picnic among the trees. In the afternoon, we walked along the lake bank, talking and laughing. We took some photos there.
We had a very good time there. We returned at 5:00 p.m. and got home safely.
[评 析]
表格中的内容实际上是组成文章的几个要点，如时间、地点、方式、事件等，所以照表格内容顺序写短文是不可能的，必须另外找一个陈述的顺序。本文以时间为顺序，将所给要素有机地结合起来，使得全文条理清楚，井井有条。
十一 介绍人物
① 吉姆.格林在北京大学任教长达十几年，工作出色，为此《中国日报》准备刊登他的照片。请你根据下面的表格，写一图片说明，简要介绍他的情况。(字数：100左右)
姓 名 Jim Green 性 别 男 国 籍 美 国
出生年月 1964年5月 职 业 英语教师
简 历 1985年大学毕业，1986年中国工作，1986年至今在北京大学任教。
主要事迹 1、热爱教育事业。
2、刻苦钻研业务，专心搞好工作。
3、教学方法多样，课堂教学生动活泼。
4、多次被评为模范教师，深受师生尊敬和爱戴。
参考词语
因……获得奖章to be given a medal for…
大学毕业to graduate from…
教育事业the educational cause
投入地干 to put one’s heart and soul into……
的方法ways to…
受到尊敬和爱戴to win the respect and love
Jim Green
This is Jim Green, a teacher who teaches English in China. Yesterday he was given a medal for having completed ten years of teaching in Beijing University.
Mr. Green was born in England in May, he came to China in 1986, working as an English teacher in Beijing University.
He loves the educational cause very much. In the past ten years he has put his heart and soul into his work and study. He has many ways to make his classes lively and interesting. And his lectures are not easily forgotten.
He has won the respect and love of all the teachers and students, and has been given the honour of a “Model Teacher” for many times. 相关链接：
高考英语写作类型
高考英语作文类型范文一：2.衔接句
As we all know, .../As is known to all,.../It is well known that.../In my opinion,.../As far as I am
concerned,.../This sight reminds me of something in my daily life.
3.结尾句
In conclusion.../In brief.../On the whole.../In short.../In a word.../Generally speaking.../As has been stated
范文十：谋篇布局 1． 仔细审题，确定体裁格式，选 择文章主体时态，弄清中心人称。
除第一段对事实一个表述以外， 都用 一般现在时。
中心人称应为他们—they 认为我们 应该。。。我们会学得更好。。。
2． 构思---文章结构 正反观点对比类的文章: 开头：提出问题 主体：陈述不同的观点及其理由 结尾：说明自己观点
阅读详情：3． 选择合适的短语与句型表达论 点与论据。
表示不同观点的套语 v 总起: Different people hold different opinions. Opinions are p>
阅读详情：…of them are in favor of the idea that… People who are for/against the idea think … The majority of the students are against the idea, arguing/holding the view that… Some people believe that…. Others argue that … v 不同观点之间的衔接: however, …of them hold a different view. / …of them hold the opposite opinion. people who are against it don’t think so. however, each coin has two sides. different from those…., …people think ….
阅读详情：on the other hand, … people object that …. v 并列关系： and, as well as, also… v 递进关系：besides, in addition, moreover, what’s more… v 比较、对比：like, unlike, on the contrary, on the other hand 4． 利用所列短语、句型组句成文， 打好草稿。要避免出现汉语式的表 达，根据自己所掌握的词汇，在比较 有把握的情况下可以大胆使用较高 级词汇，使文章增色。
5． 将草稿写到卷面上并再次审视 文章结构。
阅读详情：6． 最后做一次全面检查， 注意文章的 文体、格式是否正确，要点是否全面， 是否有明显的语法错误和低级的失误， 是否有单词拼写错误，字母大小写是不 是恰当，词数是否符合要求。
注意： 1. 书写要尽量避免涂改，保持卷面 清洁，酌情加扣分 2. 分段，首字母要缩进 4-5 字符。
3. 条理要清晰，思维不要跳跃， 4. 句子不要让老师一下看不懂，要 避免用很长的长句，容易出错。
Some students stick to the opinion that we should bring a
阅读详情：cell phone to school, arguing that it is more convenient as they can make phone calls whenever they want. Meanwhile, they can use it as a dictionary or a calculator, from which students can benefit a lot. What is more attractive is that they can use it to listen to the radio or even watch the movie they like to relax themselves. However, there are still a majority of students holding the opposite ideas. Their reasons are listed as follows: First and foremost, by having a phone at hand, they will make too many calls, which is a waste of time and money. Besides, the ring of a call can be disturbing. What worries them most is that some students may surf the int
ernet by
阅读详情：a smart phone, reading something harmful. As for me/ as far as I am concerned/ Personally/in my opinion/from my point of view, the problem is not whether or not to bring a mobile phone to school but how to make proper use of it. If a student can use a mobile phone wisely, he can certainly bring it anywhere as he likes.
1. However, there are many students arguing against it. (ying shan) 2. The school and family shouldn’t put too much emphasis on study or expect too much of us.
阅读详情：3. Judging from all the evidence above, we can safely arrive at the conclusion that our school should …(zhang junbei) 4. And we can solve the problems we can’t work out by means of turning to our teachers for help or exchanging different ideas with each other in class. (Liu) 5. However the students who object to the idea hold the view that we deserve a good rest in the summer holidays. As is often the case, the students may have their own arrangements for their holiday. (Zhao shuai) 6. It is indisputable that we can learn more by means of studying at school during the holiday and
阅读详情：it contributes to our grades. (tian yichuan) 7. On no account can we ignore the importance of teachers. 8. What’s more, it offers easier access to getting the teachers’ help, which can make a real difference. (zhang zhennan) 9. Having studied for such a long time, not only their body but also their mind is in desperate need of a good rest. 10. There’s no denying that a good physical state and a clear mind are the solid foundation for further study.(Ye lingxia) 11. We shouldn’t fail to take into account the fact that a strong body is the solid foundation for our study. (li Huixuan)
阅读详情：12. Personally, I think it is of vital importance that we alternate work and rest/balance between work and rest, for as the saying goes, all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. 13. The majority are against it in an attempt to get a good rest. (Zhou Luyao) 14. In my eyes, we shouldn’t attach too much importance to the student’s grades and overlook their health. 15. There is no doubt that our life is far more than study. ( xu Yajie) 16. It is foolish to neglect the rest time in order to pursue the improvement in marks. (Zhang mianjing)
阅读详情：对比选择型作文模板： Recently, we have had a heated discussion about whether (主题) should be … Some people tend to think that…(观点一) They point out that…( 理 由 一 ) Additionally, (理由二)… On the contrary, other people hold the view that …( 观 点 二 ) They argue that … ( 理 由 一 ) What’s more, …(理由二) … As far as I am concerned, I think … (我的观点) The reason is that … (理由一)
阅读详情：强调套死句型，只要符合某一模板， 一定紧扣模板句型作文， 不要过多引 申个。